Uphuhliso lweSikhongozelo sasekhaya sezoThutho eziThuthwa ngamanzi eTshayina
Inqanaba lokuqala loThutho lweKhonteyina yasekhaya
Uthutho lwamanzi lwaseTshayina lwasekhaya lwaqala kwangethuba. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, iikhonteyina zomthi zazisele zisetyenziselwa ukuhambisa imithwalo phakathi kwePort yaseShanghai neDalian Port.
Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iikhonteyina zentsimbi—ngokuyintloko ngokweetoni ezi-5 kunye neetoni ezili-10—zazingeniswa kumgaqo kaloliwe yaye ngokuthe ngcembe zandiswa zibe kuthutho lwaselwandle.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi zokunciphisa ezifana:
• Iindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza
• Ukungaphuhliswa kwemveliso
• Amathuba orhwebo anyiniweyo
• Imfuno yangaphakathi enganelanga
Ukunyuka kweMigangatho yoThutho lweMigqomo yasekhaya
Ukuqhubeka nzulu kohlaziyo kunye nokuvulwa kweTshayina, okuhambisana nohlaziyo lwenkqubo yezoqoqosho, kukhawulezise ngokubonakalayo ukukhula korhwebo lwesizwe lokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle nokuthengisa kumazwe angaphandle.
Ukuthuthwa kwesikhongozeli kwaqala ukuphumelela, ngakumbi kwimimandla eselunxwemeni, apho iziseko zophuhliso kunye nemfuno yolungiselelo lwaphuhliswa ngakumbi.
Ukwandiswa kweenkonzo zeekhonteyina zorhwebo zangaphandle kudale iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokukhula korhwebo lwezothutho lwasekhaya, ngokubonelela:
• Amava okusebenza axabisekileyo
• Uthungelwano olubanzi lolungiselelo
• Amaqonga olwazi aqinileyo
Esona siganeko sibalulekileyo senzeka ngomhla we-16 kuDisemba, 1996, xa inqanawa yokuqala yaseTshayina ecwangcisiweyo, inqanawa “Fengshun”, yemka kwizibuko laseXiamen ithwele izikhongozeli ezikumgangatho wehlabathi jikelele.
Iimpawu zothutho lwasekhaya lwezikhongozeli zaselwandle ziquka:
01. Ukusebenza okuphezulu
Uthutho olufakwe kwikhonteyina luvumela iimpahla ukuba zilayishwe kwaye zothulwe ngokukhawuleza, kunciphisa inani lokuhamba kunye nokuphatha, kwaye iphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezothutho. Kwangaxeshanye, isayizi yesikhongozeli esisemgangathweni ivumela iinqanawa kunye nezixhobo zezibuko ukuba zihambelane ngcono, ngakumbi ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwezothutho.
02. Ezoqoqosho
Ukuthuthwa komgqomo ngolwandle kudla ngokuba noqoqosho ngakumbi kunothutho lwasemhlabeni. Ngokukodwa kwiimpahla ezininzi kunye nokuthutha umgama omde, ukuthutha kweenqanawa zaselwandle kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuthutha.
03. Ukhuseleko
Isitya sinesakhiwo esinamandla kunye nokusebenza kokutywinwa, okunokukhusela ngokufanelekileyo iimpahla kumonakalo wendawo yangaphandle. Kwangaxeshanye, amanyathelo okhuseleko ngexesha lothutho lwaselwandle nawo aqinisekisa ukuthuthwa kwempahla ngokukhuselekileyo.
04. Ukuba bhetyebhetye
Ukuthuthwa komgqomo kwenza kube lula ukuba iimpahla zihanjiswe ukusuka kwelinye izibuko ukuya kwelinye, ukuqonda uqhagamshelo olungenamthungo lothutho lwemodemu ezininzi. Oku bhetyebhetye kwenza ukuba uthutho lwasekhaya lweenkonkxa zaselwandle luziqhelanise neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zolungiselelo.
05. Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuthuthwa kweendlela, ukuthuthwa kweenkonkxa zolwandle kunokukhutshwa kwekhabhoni ephantsi, enceda ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina kukwanciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yokupakisha, ehambelana nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.
| Iindlela zaseMzantsi China | Amazibuko okuya kuyo | Ixesha lokuhamba |
| Shanghai-Guangzhou | Guangzhou (ngeNansha Phase IV, Shekou, Zhongshan, Xiaolan, Zhuhai International Terminal, Xinhui, Shunde, Nan’an, Heshan, Huadu, Longgui, Sanjiao, Zhaoqing, Xinhui, Fanyu, Gongyi, Yueping) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| Shanghai - Dongguan Intl. | Dongguan (nge Haikou, Jiangmen, Yangjiang, Leliu, Tongde, Zhongshan, Xiaolan, Zhuhai Terminal, Xinhui, Shunde, Nan’an, Heshan, Huadu, Longgui, Sanjiao, Zhaoqing, Xinhui, Gongyi, Yueping) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| EShanghai - Xiamen | Xiamen (ngeQuanzhou, Fuqing, Fuzhou, Chaozhou, Shantou, Xuwen, Yangpu, Zhanjiang, Beihai, Fangcheng, Tieshan, Jieyang) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| Taicang - Jieyang | Jieyang | Iintsuku ezi-5 |
| Taicang - Zhanjiang | Zhanjiang | Iintsuku ezi-5 |
| Taicang - Haikou | Haikou | Iintsuku ezisi-7 |
| Iindlela zaseMantla eTshayina | Amazibuko okuya kuyo | Ixesha lokuhamba |
| Shanghai/Taicang - Yingkou | Yingkou | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai-Jingtang | Jingtang (ngeTianjin) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai Luojing-Tianjin | iTianjin (ngePacific International Terminal) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai - Dalian | Dalian | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai-Qingdao | Qingdao (nge-Rizhao, kwaye idibanisa neYantai, Dalian, Weifang, Weihai, kunye ne-Weifang) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Iindlela zomlambo waseYangtze | Amazibuko okuya kuyo | Ixesha lokuhamba |
| I-Taicang - eWuhan | Wuhan | 7-8 iintsuku |
| Taicang - Chongqing | Chongqing (ngeJiujiang, Yichang, Luzhou, Chongqing, Yibin) | Iintsuku ezingama-20 |
Uthungelwano lwangoku lothungelwano lwenqanawa lwasekhaya lufezekiseke ngokupheleleyo kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni lwase-China kunye nemilambo emikhulu. Zonke iindlela ezisekiweyo zisebenza kwiinkonzo zelinen ezizinzileyo, ezicwangcisiweyo. Iinkampani eziphambili zeenqanawa zasekhaya ezibandakanyeka ekuthuthweni konxweme kunye nomlambo zibandakanya: iZhonggu Shipping, COSCO, Sinfeng Shipping, kunye ne-Antong Holdings.
I-Taicang Port iqalise iinkonzo zokuthumela ngokuthe ngqo kwii-terminals e-Fuyang, Fengyang, Huaibin, Jiujiang, naseNanchang, ngelixa iphinda ikhulise ukuphindaphinda kweendlela ze-premium ukuya eSuqian. Olu phuhliso lomeleza unxibelelwano kunye nemimandla ephambili yomthwalo kwiphondo laseAnhui, Henan, kunye neJiangxi. Inkqubela phambili ebonakalayo yenziwe ekwandiseni ubukho bemarike ecaleni kwecandelo lomlambo ophakathi kuMlambo iYangtze.
Iindidi zeSikhongozelo esiQhelekileyo ekuThunyelweni kweeKhonteyina zaseKhaya
Iinkcukacha Zesikhongozeli:
• 20GP (Injongo ngokubanzi 20-foot container)
• Imilinganiselo yangaphakathi: 5.95 × 2.34 × 2.38 m
• Ubunzima buBukhulu: iitoni ezingama-27
• Umthamo onokusetyenziswa: 24–26 CBM
• Isiqhulo: "Isikhongozelo esincinci"
• 40GP (Injongo ngokubanzi 40-foot container)
• Imilinganiselo yangaphakathi: 11.95 × 2.34 × 2.38 m
• Ubunzima buBukhulu: iitoni ezingama-26
• Umthamo onokusetyenziswa: malunga. 54 CBM
• Isiqhulo: "Isikhongozelo esiQhelekileyo"
• 40HQ (Ityhubhu ephakamileyo 40-foot container)
• Imilinganiselo yangaphakathi: 11.95 × 2.34 × 2.68 m
• Ubunzima buBukhulu: iitoni ezingama-26
• Umthamo onokusetyenziswa: malunga. 68 CBM
• Isiqhulo: "Isikhongozeli setyhubhu ephezulu"
Iingcebiso ngeSicelo:
• I-20GP ilungele imithwalo enzima efana neethayile, amaplanga, iipeliti zeplastiki, kunye neekhemikhali ezipakishwe kwimigqomo.
• I-40GP / 40HQ ifaneleke ngakumbi kwimpahla ekhaphukhaphu okanye evoluminous, okanye iimpahla ezineemfuno zobukhulu obuthile, ezifana neentsinga zokwenziwa, imathiriyeli yokupakisha, ifenitshala, okanye iindawo zoomatshini.
ULungiselelo loLungiselelo: Ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eGuangdong
Umthengi wethu ekuqaleni wayesebenzisa izithuthi zendlela ukuhambisa iimpahla ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eGuangdong. Ilori nganye yeemitha ezili-13 ithwele iitoni ezingama-33 zemithwalo ngexabiso le-RMB 9,000 ngohambo, kunye nexesha lokuhamba leentsuku ezi-2.
Emva kokutshintshela kwisisombululo sethu sothutho elwandle, imithwalo ngoku ithunyelwa kusetyenziswa izitya ze-40HQ, nganye iphethe iitoni ezingama-26. Ixabiso elitsha lolungiselelo yi-RMB 5,800 ngesikhongozeli ngasinye, kwaye ixesha lokuhamba ziintsuku ezi-6.
Ukusuka kumbono weendleko, ukuthuthwa kolwandle kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko ze-logistics-ukusuka kwi-RMB 272 ngetoni ukuya kwi-RMB 223 ngetoni-okukhokelela ekugcinweni kwe-RMB 49 ngetoni.
Ngokwexesha, ukuthutha elwandle kuthatha iintsuku ezi-4 ubude kunothutho lwendlela. Oku kufuna ukuba umxhasi enze uhlengahlengiso oluhambelanayo kwisicwangciso se-inventri kunye nokucwangciswa kwemveliso ukuphepha naluphi na ukuphazamiseka kwimisebenzi.
Isiphelo:
Ukuba umxhasi akafuni ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye unokucwangcisa imveliso kunye nesitokhwe kwangaphambili, imodeli yokuthutha elwandle inikezela ngesisombululo esingabizi kakhulu, esizinzileyo, kunye nokusingqongileyo.