Uphuhliso lwezoThutho lwaManzi oluThuthwa yiZikhongozeli zasekhaya eTshayina
Inqanaba lokuqala lokuThuthwa kweeKhonkco zasekhaya
Uthutho lwamanzi olusebenzisa iikhonteyina lwaqala kwangethuba eTshayina. Ngeminyaka yoo-1950, izikhongozeli zomthi zazisele zisetyenziswa ekuthuthweni kwemithwalo phakathi kweShanghai Port kunye neDalian Port.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1970, izikhongozeli zentsimbi—ngokuyintloko kwiitoni ezi-5 kunye neetoni ezili-10—zafakwa kwinkqubo kaloliwe zaza zandiswa kancinci kancinci kwiindlela zokuthutha zaselwandle.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi ezithintelayo ezifana nezi:
• Iindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza
• Imveliso engaphuhliswanga kakuhle
• Amandla emarike anqongopheleyo
• Imfuno yasekhaya engonelanga
Ukunyuka koThutho lweeKhonteyina zasekhaya oluQhelekileyo
Ukuqhubeka nokukhula kohlengahlengiso nokuvula indlela iTshayina ekhula ngayo, kunye nohlengahlengiso lwenkqubo yezoqoqosho, kukhawulezise kakhulu ukukhula korhwebo lwelizwe lokungenisa nokuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
Ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina kwaqala ukuchuma, ngakumbi kwimimandla eselunxwemeni, apho imfuneko yeziseko zophuhliso kunye nothutho yayiphucukile ngakumbi.
Ukwandiswa kweenkonzo zeekhonteyina zorhwebo lwangaphandle kudale iimeko ezilungileyo zokukhula kwemarike yokuthutha iikhonteyina zasekhaya, okubonelela:
• Amava abalulekileyo okusebenza
• Uthungelwano olubanzi lwezothutho
• Amaqonga olwazi aqinileyo
Isiganeko esibalulekileyo senzeke ngomhla we-16 kweyoMnga ngo-1996, xa inqanawa yokuqala yokuthutha iikhonteyina yasekhaya yaseTshayina, inqanawa ethi “Fengshun”, yasuka eXiamen Port ithwele iikhonteyina ezisemgangathweni wehlabathi jikelele. Esi siganeko saphawula ukuqala ngokusesikweni kothutho olusemgangathweni lwasekhaya oluneekhonteyina kumazibuko aseTshayina.
Iimpawu zothutho lweekhonteyina zorhwebo lwasekhaya ziquka:
01. Ukusebenza kakuhle kakhulu
Uthutho olufakwe kwiikhonteyina luvumela ukuba iimpahla zilayishwe kwaye zithulwe ngokukhawuleza, lunciphisa inani lokuthuthwa nokuphathwa, kwaye luphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kothutho. Kwangaxeshanye, ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo beekhonteyina buvumela iinqanawa kunye nezibonelelo zezibuko ukuba zihambelane ngcono, nto leyo ephucula ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle kothutho.
02. Ezoqoqosho
Ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina ngolwandle kudla ngokuba luncedo ngakumbi kunokuthuthwa emhlabeni. Ingakumbi kwiimpahla ezinkulu kunye nokuthuthwa komgama omde, ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina ngolwandle kunokunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zokuhamba.
03. Ukhuseleko
Isikhongozeli sinesakhiwo esomeleleyo kunye nokusebenza kokuvala, okunokukhusela ngempumelelo iimpahla ekonakaleni kwendalo yangaphandle. Kwangaxeshanye, amanyathelo okhuseleko ngexesha lokuthuthwa kolwandle akwaqinisekisa ukuthuthwa ngokukhuselekileyo kweempahla.
04. Ukuguquguquka
Uthutho olusebenzisa iikhonteyina lwenza kube lula ukuba impahla idluliselwe ukusuka kwelinye izibuko ukuya kwelinye, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukunxibelelana okungenamthungo kothutho olusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi. Olu tshintsho lwenza ukuba uthutho lwasekhaya lweekhonteyina lukwazi ukulungelelanisa iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zothutho.
05. Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo
Xa kuthelekiswa nokuthuthwa kwendlela, ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina zaselwandle kunokukhupha igesi engaphantsi kwekhabhoni, nto leyo enceda ekunciphiseni ungcoliseko lokusingqongileyo. Ukongeza, ukuthuthwa kweekhonteyina kunciphisa ukuveliswa kwenkunkuma yokupakisha, nto leyo ekhuthaza ukukhuselwa kokusingqongileyo.
| Iindlela zaseMazantsi eTshayina | Amazibuko okuya kuwo | Ixesha lokuThutha |
| Shanghai-Guangzhou | Guangzhou (ngeNansha Phase IV, Shekou, Zhongshan, Xiaolan, Zhuhai International Terminal, Xinhui, Shunde, Nan’an, Heshan, Huadu, Longgui, Sanjiao, Zhaoqing, Xinhui, Fanyu, Gongyi, Yueping) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| Shanghai - Dongguan Intl. | Dongguan (nge Haikou, Jiangmen, Yangjiang, Leliu, Tongde, Zhongshan, Xiaolan, Zhuhai Terminal, Xinhui, Shunde, Nan’an, Heshan, Huadu, Longgui, Sanjiao, Zhaoqing, Xinhui, Gongyi, Yueping) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| EShanghai - Xiamen | Xiamen (ngeQuanzhou, Fuqing, Fuzhou, Chaozhou, Shantou, Xuwen, Yangpu, Zhanjiang, Beihai, Fangcheng, Tieshan, Jieyang) | Iintsuku ezi-3 |
| Taicang - Jieyang | Jieyang | Iintsuku ezi-5 |
| Taicang - Zhanjiang | Zhanjiang | Iintsuku ezi-5 |
| Taicang - Haikou | Haikou | Iintsuku ezisi-7 |
| Iindlela zaseMantla eTshayina | Amazibuko okuya kuwo | Ixesha lokuThutha |
| Shanghai/Taicang - Yingkou | Yingkou | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai-Jingtang | Jingtang (ngeTianjin) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai Luojing-Tianjin | ITianjin (ngePacific International Terminal) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai - Dalian | IsiDalian | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Shanghai-Qingdao | Qingdao (nge-Rizhao, kwaye idibanisa neYantai, Dalian, Weifang, Weihai, kunye ne-Weifang) | Iintsuku ezi-2.5 |
| Iindlela zoMlambo iYangtze | Amazibuko okuya kuwo | Ixesha lokuThutha |
| I-Taicang - eWuhan | IWuhan | Iintsuku ezisi-7-8 |
| Taicang - Chongqing | Chongqing (ngeJiujiang, Yichang, Luzhou, Chongqing, Yibin) | Iintsuku ezingama-20 |
Uthungelwano lwangoku lokuthunyelwa kweekhonteyina lwasekhaya lufikelele kwinqanaba elipheleleyo kwiindawo ezikunxweme lwaseTshayina nakwiindawo ezinkulu zomlambo. Zonke iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo zisebenza ngeenkonzo zenqanawa ezizinzileyo nezicwangcisiweyo. Iinkampani eziphambili zokuthunyelwa kweekhonteyina zasekhaya ezibandakanyeka kuthutho lweekhonteyina zaselunxwemeni nasemilanjeni ziquka: iZhonggu Shipping, iCOSCO, iSinfeng Shipping, kunye neAntong Holdings.
Izibuko laseTaicang liqalise iinkonzo zokuthumela ngokuthe ngqo kwii-terminals eFuyang, eFengyang, eHuaibin, eJiujiang, naseNanchang, ngelixa likwanyusa rhoqo iindlela eziphambili eziya eSuqian. Olu phuhliso luqinisa unxibelelwano neendawo eziphambili zemithwalo kwiphondo laseAnhui, eHenan, naseJiangxi. Kuye kwenziwa inkqubela phambili enkulu ekwandiseni ubukho bemarike kwicandelo eliphakathi loMlambo iYangtze.
Iintlobo zeZikhongozeli eziqhelekileyo ekuThunyelweni kweZikhongozeli zasekhaya
Iinkcukacha zeSikhongozeli:
• Isikhongozeli se-20GP (Injongo eQhelekileyo esiziimitha ezingama-20)
• Ubukhulu bangaphakathi: 5.95 × 2.34 × 2.38 m
• Ubunzima obukhulu: iitoni ezingama-27
• Umthamo ongasetyenziswayo: 24–26 CBM
• Igama lesiteketiso: "Isitya Esincinci"
• Isikhongozeli se-40GP (Injongo eQhelekileyo esiziimitha ezingama-40)
• Ubukhulu bangaphakathi: 11.95 × 2.34 × 2.38 m
• Ubunzima obukhulu: iitoni ezingama-26
• Umthamo osebenzisekayo: malunga ne-54 CBM
• Igama lesiteketiso: "Isikhongozeli esiqhelekileyo"
• 40HQ (Isitya seCube esiphakamileyo esingangeenyawo ezingama-40)
• Ubukhulu bangaphakathi: 11.95 × 2.34 × 2.68 m
• Ubunzima obukhulu: iitoni ezingama-26
• Umthamo osebenzisekayo: malunga ne-68 CBM
• Igama lesiteketiso: "Isitya seCube Ephakamileyo"
Iingcebiso zeSicelo:
• I-20GP ifanelekile kwimithwalo enzima efana neethayile, imithi, iipellets zeplastiki, kunye neekhemikhali ezipakishwe kwiidrama.
• I-40GP / 40HQ zifanelekile ngakumbi kwimithwalo ekhaphukhaphu okanye eyomeleleyo, okanye iimpahla ezineemfuno ezithile zobukhulu, ezifana neefayibha zokwenziwa, izinto zokupakisha, ifenitshala, okanye iindawo zoomatshini.
Ukuphuculwa kweLogistics: Ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eGuangdong
Umthengi wethu ekuqaleni wayesebenzisa izithuthi zendlela ukuhambisa impahla ukusuka eShanghai ukuya eGuangdong. Ilori nganye yeemitha ezili-13 yayithwala iitoni ezingama-33 zemithwalo ngexabiso le-RMB 9,000 ngohambo ngalunye, kunye nexesha lokuhamba leentsuku ezi-2.
Emva kokutshintshela kwisisombululo sethu sothutho lolwandle esilungisiweyo, imithwalo ngoku ithunyelwa kusetyenziswa izikhongozeli ezingama-40HQ, nganye ithwele iitoni ezingama-26. Ixabiso elitsha lothutho yi-RMB 5,800 ngesikhongozeli ngasinye, kwaye ixesha lokuhamba ziintsuku ezi-6.
Ngokwembono yeendleko, ukuthuthwa ngolwandle kunciphisa kakhulu iindleko zothutho—ukusuka kwi-RMB 272 ngetoni ukuya kwi-RMB 223 ngetoni—okubangela ukonga phantse i-RMB 49 ngetoni.
Ngokwexesha, uthutho lwaselwandle luthatha iintsuku ezi-4 ngaphezulu kunothutho lwendlela. Oku kufuna ukuba umthengi enze uhlengahlengiso olufanelekileyo ekucwangcisweni kwezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kunye nocwangciso lwemveliso ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kwemisebenzi.
Isiphelo:
Ukuba umthengi akafuni ukuhanjiswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye unokucwangcisa imveliso kunye nesitokhwe kwangaphambili, imodeli yothutho lwaselwandle inika isisombululo sezothutho esingabizi kakhulu, esizinzileyo, nesinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo.