Ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle kweedrone luye lwaqina kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Iinkampani ezininzi ziye zohlwaywa ngenxa yokuba azizange ziyiqonde kakuhle imigaqo-nkqubo. Ngaba ufuna ilayisenisi yokuthumela ngaphandle yeedrone esetyenziswa kabini? Eli nqaku licacisa imida yolawulo kwaye libonelela ngenkqubo yokuzihlola inyathelo ngenyathelo.
I. Ngaba uyayidinga ilayisenisi? Impendulo: ixhomekeke kwiiparameter, hayi ekusetyenzisweni kwayo
Iinkampani ezininzi zikholelwa ngempazamo ukuba iidrone zabathengi okanye zezolimo "ziindlela zoluntu" kwaye ngenxa yoko azifuni layisenisi. Le yingcamango ephosakeleyo.
Phantsi koMthetho woLawulo lokuThumela kwamanye amazwe, iMimiselo yoLawulo lokuThumela kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini, kunye neKhathalogu yoLawulo lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini ka-2026 epapashwe yiSaziso No. 91 sika-2025 seSebe lezoRhwebo kunye noLawulo oluPhezulu lwezeRhafu, ulawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle iidrone lusekelweiinkcukacha zobugcisa– hayi ngokwenjongo yokusetyenziswa. Iifoto zezolimo, ezomoya, okanye iidrone zabathengi kufuneka zifumane ilayisenisi ukuba iiparameter zazo ziyahlangabezana nemida yolawulo.
I-China isebenzisa inkqubo yokulawula ephindwe kabini:
- 1. Iidrone ezisetyenziswa emkhosini(umz. ubukrelekrele, uhlaselo) → zifuna iLayisensi yokuthumela impahla kwamanye amazwe yasemkhosini;
- 2. Iidrone zasekuhlaleni(kunye nemithwalo yazo exhasayo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo) ezihlangabezana neeparameter zobugcisa → zifuna iLayisensi yokuthumela izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kunye neTekhnoloji.
II. Yintoni egutyungelweyo? Iindidi ezintandathu zijongwe nganye nganye
NgokweLuhlu loLawulo lokuThunyelwa kweeNdawo eziSebenzisa kabini lweRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina kunye neKhathalogu yoLawulo lweeLayisenisi zokungenisa nokuThumela ngaphandle izinto eziSebenzisa kabini kunye neeTekhnoloji (uHlelo luka-2026), umda wolawulo lweedrone kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo ugubungela iindidi ezintandathu eziphambili, nganye inemida yobugcisa ecacileyo.
(1) Iidrone ezipheleleyo
Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kweedrone kugutyungelwe yiiikhowudi ezimbini zolawulo eziphambili - 9A012 kunye ne-9A501kuLuhlu loLawulo loThumelo oluSebenzisa kabini. Isithuthi esingenamntu (kuquka neenqanawa zomoya ezingenamntu) siwela phantsi kolawulo ukuba sidibananabani nakwezi parameters zobugcisa zilandelayo:
| Imeko yepharamitha | Umgangatho othile |
|---|---|
| Imeko yokunyamezela 1 | Ukunyamezela okuphezulu phakathi kwemizuzu engama-30 (kuquka) kunye neyure e-1, kwaye iyakwazi ukusuka ngokuzinzileyo nokubhabha ngokulawulwa phantsi kwemimoya yomoya eyi-46.3 km/h (25 knots) okanye ngaphezulu |
| Imeko yokunyamezela 2 | Ukunyamezela okuphezulu kufana okanye kungaphezulu kweyure e-1 |
| Uluhlu | Umgama olingana okanye ongaphezulu kwe-300 km (ohambelana nekhowudi yokulawula 9A501) |
| Inkqubo yokusasaza | Ixhotyiswe, okanye yenzelwe ukuba ixhotyiswe, ngenkqubo yokusasaza i-aerosol yeelitha ezingama-20 nangaphezulu, kwaye ikwazi ukubhabha ngokuzimela okanye ukulawula i-BVR ngaphaya kokubona. |
| Injini | Ifakwe injini yeenqwelo moya ezinikeleyo enamandla aphezulu aqhubekayo adlula i-16 kW |
Inqaku lokungahlawuli: Iinqwelomoya zemodeli ezenzelwe ukonwabisa okanye ukhuphiswano kuphela azilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yi-9A501. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ezo modeli zitshintshiwe ukuze zihlangabezane nayo nayiphi na imiqathango engentla, ziya kufuna ilayisenisi.
(2) Imithwalo yokuhlawula enikezelweyo
Imithwalo yokuhlawula ephezulu eyenzelwe ngokukodwa ii-UAV ezilawulwayo idweliswe ngokwahlukeneyo kwikhathalogu yolawulo kuba inokuphucula ngokuthe ngqo ukuphononongwa komkhosi, ukufunyanwa kwethagethi, okanye amandla okulwa ngokuchanekileyo.Nokuba zithunyelwa ngokwahlukeneyo okanye kunye nedrone epheleleyo, azinakuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwelayisenisi.
Iindidi ezine eziphambili ezilawulwayo zezi:
- Izixhobo zomfanekiso we-infrared: ubude bomda obusebenzayo obuphakathi kwe-780 nm kunye ne-30,000 nm, kunye ne-instantaneous field of view (IFOV) engaphantsi kwe-2.5 milliradians;
- Iradar yokuvula eyenziweyo (i-SAR): umgama wokusebenza ongaphezulu kwe-5 km, kunye nesisombululo se-strip-mode esingcono kune-0.3 m, okanye isisombululo se-spotlight-mode esingcono kune-0.1 m;
- Iileyiza zoyilo lweethagethi: iyakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzinzileyo kumaqondo obushushu angaphezu kwama-55 °C, uhlobo olungalawulwayo ngamaqondo obushushu, ngamandla e-single-pulse >80 mJ, uzinzo olungcono kune-15%, kunye nokwahlukana kwemisebe <0.3 milliradians;
- Izixhobo zokulinganisa i-inertial ezichanekileyo kakhulu: ukuchaneka kwesihloko <2 degrees, ukuchaneka kwesimo sengqondo <0.5 degrees, kunye nesisombululo <0.1 degree.
(3) Izinto eziphambili
Izinto eziphambili ezinokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo ukuguqula okanye ukuhlanganisa ii-UAV ezilawulwayo, okanye ukuphucula ukusebenza kwazo okubalulekileyo, zifakiwe kuluhlu lolawulo luka-2026.Uhlelo luka-2026 lutsha nje longeza "izixhobo kunye nezinto ezenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuguqula iinqwelomoya ezinabantu zibe zii-UAV ezilawulwayo" kuluhlu lolawulo.
Izinto eziphambili ezilawulwa rhoqo ziquka:
- Iinjini zeenqwelo moya ezizinikeleyo ezinamandla aphezulu aqhubekekayo adlula i-16 kW;
- Iinqwelomoya ezilawula ngokucokisekileyo inqwelomoya;
- IiGyroscopes kunye nezinto ezinxulumene nazo.
(4) Izixhobo ze-Counter-UAV
Iinkqubo zokulwa ne-UAV zaseburhulumenteni zifakiwe kuluhlu lokubhengezwa kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezinxulumene ne-UAV. Abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bathobele iimfuno zokubhengezwa kweSibhengezo No. 78 sika-2026 yi-General Administration of Customs. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iSibhengezo No. 78 ngokuyintlokoimisela imigaqo-nkqubo yokubhengeza ukuthumela ngaphandle(njengokuzalisa "ikhowudi yokuchonga iimpahla ezithintelweyo/ezilawulwayo" kunye "nezinto zokubhengeza iimpahla ezithintelweyo/ezilawulwayo") - ayizimiseli ngokwayo imeko yolawulo. Nokuba isixhobo esichasene ne-UAV siyinto elawulwayo kufuneka simiselwe ngokuchasene nemida ethile yobugcisa kuLuhlu loLawulo loThumelo lweeMveliso lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini.
(5) Ulawulo olukhethekileyo lweemeko
Nokuba idrone ayidweliswanga kwikhathalogu yolawulo, ukuthumela ngaphandle akuvumelekanga ukuba umthumeli ngaphandleuyazi okanye kufanele aziukuba ezi mpahla ziya kusetyenziselwa ukusasazwa kwezixhobo zokutshabalalisa ngobuninzi, imisebenzi yobugrogrisi, okanye iinjongo zomkhosi.
(6) Ulawulo olujoliswe kwilizwe elithile
Isaziso Nombolo 46 sowama-2024 yiSebe lezoRhwebo sicacisa ngokuphandle:Akuvumelekanga ukuthunyelwa kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kubasebenzisi bomkhosi base-US okanye kwiindlela zokusetyenziswa zomkhosi wase-US.Ngokomgaqo, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini ezinxulumene nezinto eziqinileyo e-US akuvumelekanga; kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kabini zegrafiti, kusetyenzwa uphononongo olungqongqo lwabasebenzisi bokugqibela kunye nolokusetyenziswa ekugqibeleni.
III. Ukuzihlola ngokwakho okunezinyathelo ezintlanu (Khumbula: ilayisenisi kuqala, ithunyelwe kamva)
Inyathelo 1: Jonga imveliso yakho kuluhlu lolawulo
Okokuqala, thelekisa iiparameter zobugcisa zemveliso yakho ngokuthelekisa noLuhlu loLawulo lokuThunyelwa kwamanye amazwe lwezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini zeRiphabliki yabantu baseTshayina kunye neKhathalogu yoLawulo lweeLayisenisi zokungenisa nokuThumela ngaphandle izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kunye neeTekhnoloji (uHlelo luka-2026).
Iindawo zokujonga ezibalulekileyo: unyamezelo, ukumelana nomoya, uluhlu lolawulo, nokuba kukho imithwalo ekhethekileyo ethwalwayo, uluhlu, njl.njl.Iikhowudi ze-HS zenzelwe ukubhekisa kwizithethe kuphela kwaye azinazigqibo- imfuneko yelayisenisi iyamiselwangokweeparamitha zobugcisa zokwenyaniyemveliso.
Inqaku elikhethekileyo:Iikhowudi ze-HS zihlulwe ngokobunzima bokusuka, ngelixa iikhowudi zolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle zisebenzisa iindlela zobugcisa ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo. Iidrone ezimbini ezinobunzima bokusuka obufanayo zinokuwela phantsi kweekhowudi zolawulo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yokwahluka kokunyamezela; ngokuchaseneyo, iidrone ezimbini ezinobunzima bokusuka obahlukeneyo kakhulu zinokuwela phantsi kwekhowudi yolawulo efanayo.
Inyathelo lesi-2: Vavanya umsebenzisi wokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa kokugqibela
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imveliso iyalawulwa na, iinkampani akufuneki zithembele kuphela kuluhlu lolawulo kunye nekhathalogu - kufuneka zenzeuphononongo olupheleleyo lwabasebenzisi bokugqibela kunye nokusetyenziswa kokugqibelaEzinye izinto ezingahlangabezaniyo nemigangatho yobugcisa edwelisiweyo zisenokulawulwa ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa okanye zomsebenzisi.
Inyathelo lesi-3: Ukuba awuqinisekanga, bonisana ngokukhawuleza
Ukuba awukwazi ukumisela ukuba ukuthumela ngaphandle okucetywayo yinto elawulwayo na, ungangenisa isicelo sokubonisana ngecandelo elithi “Izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kunye nokuVunywa koBugcisa bokungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle” kwi-portal yenkonzo karhulumente ekwi-intanethi yeSebe lezoRhwebo. Xa ucela ukubonisana, kufuneka unikeze iinkcukacha zokusebenza, ukusetyenziswa okuphambili, kunye nezizathu zokuba kutheni ungenakumisela imeko elawulwayo.
Inyathelo lesi-4: Ukuba ilawulwa, faka isicelo selayisenisi
Nje ukuba into iqinisekiswe ukuba iyalawulwa, umthengisi wempahla ngaphandle kufuneka afake isicelo kwiSebe lezoRhwebo ngegunya lezorhwebo lephondo, agcwalise ifomu yesicelo sezinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kunye nokuthunyelwa kwezobuchwepheshe ngaphandle, aze angenise amaxwebhu afunekayo.Ilayisenisi iyafuneka ngaphambi kokuba izinto ezisetyenziswa kabini zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe, zidluliselwe kwamanye amazwe, okanye zithunyelwe ngaphaya kwemida.
Inqaku elisebenzayo:Ukuba iodolo enye ibandakanya iimodeli ezininzi eziwela phantsi kweekhowudi zolawulo ezahlukeneyo (umz., idrone yemizi-mveliso phantsi kwe-9A012 kunye nedrone yezolimo phantsi kwe-9A501), kufuneka ufake isicelo seelayisenisi ezahlukeneyo kwikhowudi nganye yokulawula - azinakuhlanganiswa. Xa idrone ithwala umthwalo olawulwayo onokususwa, idrone kunye nomthwalo ohlawulwayo nazo kufuneka zinikwe ilayisenisi ngokwahlukeneyo.
Inyathelo lesi-5: Xela inyaniso kumasiko
NgokweSibhengezo Nombolo 78 sowama-2026 yi-General Administration of Customs (esiqala ukusebenza nge-30 kaJuni 2026), abathumeli ngaphandle kufuneka bavakalise inyaniso kwi-customs. Kwizinto ezilawulwayo, ikholamu ethi “Remarks” yesibhengezo se-customs kufuneka ithi “Le yinto elawulwayo yokuthumela ngaphandle” kwaye idwelise ikhowudi yolawulo lokuthumela ngaphandle ehambelanayo. Kwizinto ezingalawulwayo kodwa iimpawu zazo zisondele kwimida, ikholamu ethi “Remarks” kufuneka ithi “Le ayisiyonto elawulwayo yokuthumela ngaphandle.”
Abathumeli-mpahla kwamanye amazwe kufuneka balandele imiyalelo ekwinkqubo ethi “Single Window” ukuze bazalise “ikhowudi yokuchonga iimpahla ezithintelweyo/ezilawulwayo” kunye “nezinto zokubhengeza iimpahla ezithintelweyo/ezilawulwayo” kunye neempawu ezithile zobugcisa.
IV. Zingakanani iziphumo? Musa ukuthatha amathuba
Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yerhafu kunye nezorhwebo kwizinto ezisetyenziswa kabini kuye kwanda. Amatyala okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okungekho mthethweni okusetyenziswa kabini ayanda ngokukhawuleza, kwaye phakathi kwawo, amatyala abandakanya iidrone kunye nezinto zazo ande kakhulu.
Izohlwayo zolawulo: Ukuthumela izinto ezilawulwayo ngaphandle kwelayisenisi kuxhomekeke kwisohlwayo phantsi kweNqaku 34 loMthetho woLawulo lokuThunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Enyanisweni, kukho iimeko apho iinkampani zisebenzise urhwebo lwe-e-commerce oluwela imida (umz., imo ye-9610) ukuthumela izinto ezilawulwayo kwamanye amazwe kwaye zohlwaywa nangona ukuthengiswa okungekho mthethweni kwakumalunga ne-RMB 20,000 kuphela.
Uxanduva lolwaphulo-mthetho: Ukuba umthumeli ngaphandle uthumela ngabom iidrone ezilawulwayo ngaphandle kwelayisenisi kwaye ixabiso lidlula i-RMB 200,000, oko kusenokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho lokungenisa impahla engavumelekanga ukungenisa/ukuthumela ngaphandle, oluya kugwetywa ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka emihlanu yokuvalelwa entolongweni okanye ukubanjwa, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwesohlwayo; ukuba ixabiso lidlula i-RMB 1 yezigidi okanye ukuba kukho ezinye iimeko ezibangela ukuba kube nzima, isohlwayo sinokuba yiminyaka emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu entolongweni, kunye nesohlwayo.
Kubalulekile: Ukunika inkampani yokuthutha impahla okanye inkampani yokuhambisa impahla ukuba iphathe ukucocwa kwempahla akumkhululi umthengisi wempahla ngaphandle kwempahla kwiimbopheleleko zakhe zokuthobela imithetho. Umthengisi wempahla ngaphandle kufuneka azise ngokucacileyo iarhente ngemeko elawulwayo, ahlole umxholo wesibhengezo, kwaye angaze abe nesimo sengqondo sokuthi “vumela nje umthengisi wempahla ukuba awuphathe”.
V. Isishwankathelo sokuthobela imithetho yamashishini
1. Chonga imeko yolawulo ngaphambi kokuba wamkele iodolo– ungathembeli kumava angaphambili; jonga kungekuphela nje i-9A012 kodwa kunye ne-9A501.
2. Misela inkqubo evaliweyo yokujikeleza“ukuqinisekiswa kweparameter → uphononongo lomsebenzisi wokugqibela → ukuvunywa kokuthobela imithetho”.
3. Ukuba iiparameters ziyathandabuzeka,qhagamshelana noMphathiswa wezoRhwebo ngokukhawuleza– ungaze uthunyelwe ngenqanawa ungaqondi.
4. Ungaze uphephe ulawulongokwahlulahlula imithwalo okanye ukuvakalisa amagama eemveliso ngendlela engafanelekanga.
5. Ngeii-odolo ezintsonkothileyo ezibandakanya iimodeli ezininzi okanye iidrone ezipheleleyo ezinemithwalo ehlawulwayo, cwangcisa icebo lakho lokwahlulahlula ilayisenisi kwangaphambili.
Ukuthobela imithetho akuloxanduva– lukhuselo lokukhula kweshishini ixesha elide. Kwimeko yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kabini okungqongqo kwihlabathi liphela, ukwakha inkqubo eqinileyo yokuthobela imithetho yokuthumela kwamanye amazwe yindlela esisiseko yabathumeli beedrone ukuze baphumelele ngokuzinzileyo.
Ixesha leposi: Julayi-15-2026